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Loss of power can be expressed as an effective sample size for studies based on self-reported anthropometric exposures, relative to those based on measured anthropometry, which can be estimated as the square of the correlation coefficient between self-reported and measured values [ 14, 15].
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We hypothesized that cytological fluid obtained from NAB has the potential to be an effective sample, as it is obtained directly from tumor tissue, and because many biomarkers candidates will exist in high concentrations [ 16].
A semi-empirical model is developed to estimate the collected F SF as the product of an effective sampling volume, and the effective excitation fluence and the effective escape probability within the effective sampling volume.
These data were used to develop a semi-empirical model that expresses F S F sim / d f as the product of an effective sampling volume, and the effective excitation fluence and the effective escape probability within the effective sampling volume.
We used default prior distributions for all other parameters and ran MCMC chains for 75 million generations, as the effective sample size for some parameter estimates was not large enough using the default length (10 million generations).
It is noteworthy that the exponential growth models did not fit the data sets, as indicated by effective sample size (ESS) scores <200 (data not shown).
This accounts for a withdraw/post-randomization exclusion rate as high as 10%%, so the effective sample size can be as low as 135 patients/arm.
This is a problem for research into risk factors as the effective sample size is reduced with a concomitant reduction in power.
Analyses on simulated data sets indicate that the MCMC has a rather short burn-in phase and achieves a good chain mixing (measured as Effective Sample Size) with 110, 000 generations and a sampling frequency of 100.
Since computational efficiency pertains to a particular hyperparameter, it was defined as the effective sample size (ESS) for the post-burn-in MCMC cycles divided by total CPU time, i.e., ESS/CPU recorded in number per second.
Based on the results, PD-LVI as a simple and effective sample injection technique of reverse phase UHPLC MS/MS for the analysis of trace analytes in complex samples showed a great promising prospect.
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