The same results hold true if the number of employees is taken as a proxy of size (R = 0.68, p < 0.001).
Females were larger than males each year based on wing lengths (used as a proxy of size (Additional file 1: Table S1)), and there was a significant, unexpected, increase in wing length in both females (F1,469 = 44.41, p < 0.0001) and males (F1,338 = 30.79, p < 0.0001; Additional file 1: Table S1) over the seven-year study period.
In this study, we explore how wing shape is related to wing size (used as a proxy of body size), and discuss its implications on flight performance.
To test the relationship between population size and mtDNA diversity, we first correlated nucleotide polymorphism and body mass, taken as a proxy of population size, as in Nabholz et al. [ 18] and Berlin et al. [ 24]. π s and body mass were negatively correlated but, contrary to Berlin et al. [ 24], this relationship was not significant (R2 = 0.019, p = 0.30, n = 56).
As a proxy of body size, we measured the right hind tibia length at 50× magnification under a Wild M5A stereomicroscope (former Wild Heerbrugg AG, Switzerland) equipped with an ocular micrometer with a scale etched with divisions of 0.016 mm.
A plot of MI against minimal shaft circumference (MSC), as a proxy of body size, shows a week trend of increasing MI with increasing MSC.
In Figure 2-3, we report embryo area, which we use as a proxy of embryo size given the rotational symmetry of C. elegans embryos (see Materials and methods).
Since brain volume and brain weight are highly correlated in our dataset (r = 0.96, [ 26]), we used brain weight as a proxy of brain size.
kARM/SIRM, kARM/kLF, and SIRM/kLF ratios for bulk samples were employed as a proxy of grain-size fluctuations in relation to the domain state of magnetic particles (e.g. Banerjee et al. 1981).
We performed PSC on brain weight against body size, and retained phylogeny-corrected residuals as a proxy of relative brain size (referred to as brain size hereafter).
Because critical weight is a key determinant of final body size, we also weighed pharate adults as a proxy of final adult size.
