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Landscapes change constantly from natural and anthropogenic drivers, and land use and land cover changes by humans have been identified as a primary effect of humans on natural systems.
The average BMI was a priori selected over ΔBMI as a primary effect modifier of interest, to better reflect chronic long-term exposure to adipose tissue inflammation.
We chose the early time point to identify genes that are likely modulated by 5-AzaC as a primary effect (rather than a secondary down-stream effect of expression changes in other genes).
For example, it was proposed that one mechanism could act as a "primary" effect, and the other as a "secondary" mechanism, either used to reinforce the inhibition or as a back-up mechanism.
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The program is enjoying a substantial grant from the Italian Ministry of University and Research and is aimed both to set up novel diagnostic tools capable to detect and decode physical ECM modifications, and to further develop physical means capable to induce ECM modifications as a primary effects to promote therapeutic effects.
One covariate is pre-specified as a primary effect-modifier: duration of complaints at randomization.
It will have a primary effect on mortality inequality, and also a secondary effect as people respond to the primary effect by increasing their health-promoting behavior.
Every systematic review with adverse effect(s) as a primary outcome should be indexed with appropriate term(s).
Gene flow is quantitatively a major source of genetic variation within populations, thus acting as a primary force to balance the detrimental effects of genetic drift and maintain high effective population sizes (Lynch 2010).
It has been postulated that a triplicated chromosome 21 causes a 50% increase in the expression of trisomic genes as a primary dosage effect [ 13].
A massive Ottoman military intervention in 1672 had as its primary effect the outright annexation of Podolia as an Ottoman province for a quarter century.
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com