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The parameter d is first assigned as a predefined value, and then automatically adjusted until the ODG value of the watermarked audio is satisfied.
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Therefore, instead of using the average value for, it is preferable to use a value (denoted as ) that can be observed with a confidence equal to a predefined value.
At the first transmission attempt, it is set to a predefined value CWmin, the minimum CW.
By design, DECA imposes the reconstruction error of the monitored process to be lower than a predefined value.
(1) The mobile coverage requirement should be satisfied, i.e., the coverage ratio should be larger than a predefined value.
The procedure is repeated to obtain all the IMFs until the residual r(t) is smaller than a predefined value.
The sifting procedure is repeated to obtain all the IMFs until the residual is smaller than a predefined value.
A related but not equivalent approach is to maximize the gene diversity in the offspring with or without constraining its expected mean breeding value to a predefined value.
Meuwissen [ 3] proposed to maximize the expected mean breeding value of the offspring while constraining its gene diversity to a predefined value.
The changes in pH and pO2 values resulting from biomass growth (or product formation) are countered up to a predefined value.
Specifically as shown in Figure 1, the IFFT outputs associated with the i th transmit antenna are cyclicly shifted to the right by (i - 1 L where L is a predefined value equal or greater to the channel length.
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Since I tried Ludwig back in 2017, I have been constantly using it in both editing and translation. Ever since, I suggest it to my translators at ProSciEditing.

Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com