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Tumor necrosis factor (TNF) is one of the important cytokine that has long been considered as a pathological factor implicated in the pathology of dozens of human diseases, including septic shock [ 7], cancer [ 8], rheumatoid arthritis [ 9], malaria [ 10] and other afflictions.
These results suggest Sp1 as a pathological factor in schizophrenia, which may explain the multi-gene manifestation of this disorder.
However, reconstitution of telomerase can rescue these phenotypes, suggesting the telomere length as a pathological factor for aging [ 12].
Cirrhosis, the most advanced stage of fibrosis, includes inflammation as a pathological factor but this aspect is remarkably reduced in fibrosis, with septa and nodule formation being the most notable features [ 2].
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Recently, oxidative stress has been identified as a pivotal pathological factor inducing bone osteoporosis.
As a result, therapies targeting a single pathological factor are often insufficient to achieve desired clinical outcomes, as has proven to be the case with anti-chemokine therapies.
TRANSLATIONAL IMPACT Clinical issue Intestinal permeability is recognised as an aetiological and pathological factor in a number of intestinal disorders.
In addition to its own neurotoxicity, A β as the central pathological factor also initiates a series of secondary events in AD progression, such as neuroinflammation.
Whilst the etiology of DR is highly complex and not fully understood, hyperglycemia has been accepted as the major pathological factor contributing to the development of DR. Four distinct glucose metabolic pathways are activated by hyperglycemia: 1 Diacylglycerol (DAG)–protein kinase C (PKC) pathway.
Propionibacterium acnes (anaerobic bacteria) and Staphylococcus epidermidis (aerobic bacteria) have been acknowledged as key comedone forming pathological factor, eliciting an inflammation in acne.
Are the amyloid plaques the key pathological factor, as a large body of research suggests, or is it the thickets of aberrant proteins known as tau tangles, which appear in dementia patients after the plaques do?
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