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Goldberg et al. described distress as a general factor of depression and anxiety, representing the overall severity of the disorder [ 18].
The bifactor model with an underlying distress factor as a general factor explained covariance among depression, anxiety and somatic symptoms [ 15].
Martin [ 20] deems that we have to take the negative linguistic form of some items into consideration either as a general factor influencing the factors of anxiety and depression, or as a supplementary factor.
During the past decades, a growing body of evidence has accumulated showing that psychosocial stress is associated with adverse health outcomes, especially coronary heart disease (CHD). 1 Psychosocial stress as a risk factor has been studied as a general factor as well as linked to the workplace.
New evidences of poor factor-based discriminant validity; followed by replicating and extending the models proposed here; along with theory-based external forms of construct validation studies using the EPDS as a general factor (or perhaps its 10-item raw score equivalent) should be a constructive way forward.
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Additionally, the single-item PBC measure in the current study reflected control rather than self-efficacy and it is suggested that the control component alone may not be the optimal predictor for behaviour as is a general factor of PBC that combines both self-efficacy and controllability [ 43].
Charles Spearman, bearing in mind the influential theory that he originated of conceiving intelligence as made up of a "general factor" as well as "special factors" more specific to particular mental tasks, may have summed up the research the best when he wrote in 1927, "Every normal man, woman, and child is, then, a genius at something, as well as an idiot at something".
As the presence of a general factor within a primate species indicated by a similar number and diversity of tasks indeed strengthens this supposition, our study has been successful in this regard.
However, it seems reasonable that these schemas are not independent of each other since they converge into a general factor, as discovered by CFA.
Nonetheless, albeit pending corroboration from further studies carried out in different settings, the total 10-item EPDS scale seems to be well suited as an empirical representation of a general factor representing PPD and its use in clinical practice and applied research is encouraged.
Confirmatory factor analysis showed that an oblique model with four factors fitted the data well, as did a bifactor model with a general factor, along with verbal and visual modality factors.
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