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Figure 6 shows the size of raw age declines as a function of older adults' performance for event-cued prospective memory proper, event-cued vigilance and time-cued vigilance tested in the laboratory, and for time-cued prospective memory proper and time-cued habitual prospective memory tested in natural settings.
Panel A shows dp calculated by Henry et al. as a function of older adults performance (test difficulty) for laboratory conditions that were free of age-confounds only (color of the circles indicate prospective memory subdomain: red = event-cued prospective memory proper, blue = event-cued vigilance, green = time-cued vigilance).
Figure 4c shows raw age declines as a function of older adults' performance; it demonstrates that as the test becomes easier, the raw differences between proportions of younger and older persons diminish, clearly limited by the ceiling, the diagonal line indicating maximum possible age decline for a given level of older adults' (lower scoring group's) performance.
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Specifically, the performance of younger adults can be plotted as a function of performance of older adults for all previous investigations (cf., L'Abbé plot [46]) and then find the best fitting theoretical effect size curve (see Figure 4b for examples) using double variate error minimization methods, either with or without weighting each point by its sample size.
Panel C shows the magnitude of raw ProM age-related declines as a function of performance of older adults; it highlights that the size of the age decline is directly dependent upon the performance of older adults, r = −0.63 (see Uttl [2], [3], [5]; see McDaniel & Einstein for an independent replication of this finding [14]).
In Study 2, participants rated acupuncture more favorably as a function of how old the practice was described.
The third is a method that allows us to find a new mesh as a function of the old mesh and the ratio of the a posteriori error estimate to the tolerance.
Blindsight has been posited as a function of 'phylogenetically old parts of the brain' (Widakowich, 2001).
Figure 5 shows the performance of younger adults as a function of the performance of older adults for conditions with focal vs. non-focal cues, for prospective memory proper and for vigilance (no studies of event cued habitual prospective memory were identified in the review, see Uttl [2], for a more extensive discussion of this point), for confound free age-contrasts only.
Figure 4b shows the proportion of younger persons passing the test as a function of the proportion of older persons passing the test for three true effect sizes: −0.5 (dashed line closest to the diagonal), −1.0 (solid line), −1.5 (dashed line farthest from the diagonal), with the diagonal representing the line of no age differences in proportion of persons passing the test.
Specifically, the performance of younger adults was plotted as a function of the performance of older adults and then the best fitting theoretical effect size curve and associated effect size was determined using double variate squared error minimization methods, both with and without weighting each point by its sample size.
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Since I tried Ludwig back in 2017, I have been constantly using it in both editing and translation. Ever since, I suggest it to my translators at ProSciEditing.
Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com