When a confounding factor (such as employment) determines subsequent employment and is determined by previous employment, then standard analyses which estimate disease incidence as a function of cumulative employment may not validly estimate the true effect of employment, even when adjustment is made for the confounder [ 6, 15, 16].
In the analysis of risk as a function of duration of employment we included people who were >= 30 years.
The allowance was reduced as a function of income received from employment or alimony from the other parent.
Results did not show any differential impact of the intervention on any primary or secondary outcomes as a function of sex, marital status, employment or education.
11 The Engle-Granger methodology is limited to a single-equation test, which is problematic as the equilibrium relationship could be expressed in two ways (the employment rate as a function of GDP or GDP as a function of the employment rate).
Two Engle-Granger tests could therefore be performed (one using the employment rate as a function of GDP and the other GDP as a function of the employment rate).
Finally, the NLSY79 data allows us to go beyond annual transitions, and report the hazard rates out of overeducated employment as a function of the duration of overeducation (see Fig. 4 .21 After 3 years being overeducated, the probability of exiting that state, defined as starting a new matched or undereducated employment spell, drops from 39 to only 20%.
Our own preference for addressing the concerns raised by Meer and West in a parsimonious fashion is to consider models that explain long-run changes in employment as a function of similar long-run changes in the independent variables.
which expresses the STW take-up rate (T), defined as the share of STW participants in dependent employment, as a function of its past value and the log value of real output (y), the institutional features of STW (X) and a number of controls (Z, D 7.
We predict relative employment probabilities as a function of years-since-migration based on the static and dynamic models.
