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However, eye movements differ as a function of difficulty even in nonvisual information retrieval tasks (Ehrlichman, Micic, Sousa, & Zhu, 2007), and it is possible that gaze aversion is a by-product of cognitive processing rather than a strategy to disengage from task-irrelevant visual information.
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The ROI beta estimates were subjected to a 2 (actual difficulty) × 2 (labeled difficulty) ANOVA to determine whether sustained activation differed as a function of actual difficulty, labeled difficulty, or an interaction between the two factors.
To investigate effects of social conformity as a function of task difficulty, two versions of the experiment were conducted, containing 75 and 150 items during encoding, respectively.
This task was conducted both in a long and a short version to test conformity effects as a function of the difficulty of a memory task.
Is the variation in fMRI response as a function of task difficulty dependent on whether the children have high or low mathematical ability?
In turn, Figure 4f shows the statistical power to detect the true effect size d of 1.0 SD with 10, 30, and 100 participants, when using dichotomized measures, as a function of test difficulty.
Using phi and the usual phi-to-d transformation formula published in meta-analysis recipes [42], [45], the observed d based on the dichotomized data can be calculated as a function of test difficulty; panel D shows that the observed d severely underestimates the true effect size and that this underestimation is especially severe when the test is easy or very difficult.
Thus, BOLD signal in mrPFC did not seem to merely decrease as a function of task difficulty (i.e., when task-unrelated processes have to be suspended).
This region has been implicated in phonological processing and phonemic categorization, with the level of activation increasing as a function of categorization difficulty (Binder et al. 2004; Blumstein et al. 2005; Myers et al. 2009).
Figure 6 shows the proportion of students choosing the most popular wrong answer out of the total number of students choosing any wrong answer as a function of item difficulty.
Therefore, the responses of this network as a function of task difficulty would reflect the composite attention effects, taking into account both the properties of the stimulus (which dictates the required attention distribution), as well the top down signals related to the attention instructions.
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