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We have developed a mixed ester of hyaluronan with butyric and retinoic acids (HBR), acting as a differentiating agent, remarkably increasing the yield of cardiomyocytes derived from mouse ES cells [4].
These observations support the use of single-dose cytostatic drugs, as a differentiating agent to facilitate in vitro DC culture for therapeutic purposes.
Early studies conducted in mouse embryonic cells [ 22] identified 5-azacytidine as a differentiating agent that induces muscle cell development, along with the global loss of DNA methylation.
Thus, based on our results and those published, we postulate that PKM2 can act both as a proliferative agent via its interaction with nuclear proteins or as a differentiating agent via its interaction with Oct4.
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Because we observed induction of differentiation following selective HDAC8 inhibition, we wondered whether it is possible to further enhance the differentiation phenotype via combination with retinoic acid, a differentiating agent currently in use for neuroblastoma therapy.
In contrast to these studies of maintenance retinoids in combination with chemotherapy in minimal residual disease, the present study is the first human study in which a differentiating agent has shown activity in reducing tumour volume in solid tumours when given as a single agent in advanced, bulky disease, albeit in a small percentage of patients.
Butirate, a differentiating agent, suppresses the proliferation of tumour cells correlating with an increase in p21cip1/waf1 and a decrease in pRb phosphorylation.
Seocalcitol is a differentiating agent which has shown promise in animal models of cancer (Akhter et al, 1997; Colston et al, 1997a; Lokeshwar et al, 1999).
This observation requires further investigation within randomised controlled trials comparing Seocalcitol with 'standard' therapy, with overall survival as the primary end point, which may be a more appropriate measure of efficacy for a differentiating agent, which may inhibit tumour growth rate rather than reduce tumour size.
Universities, now competing more intensely with one another for the best students, are increasingly seeing their own technical preparedness as a differentiating factor, and some are offering technical enticements to prospective students – free devices or free e-books.
But CodinGame is going all in on the gaming aspect as a differentiating factor with its competitors.
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com