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A trait was excluded as a covariate when being evaluated as an outcome.
Percent free-feeding body weight was fitted as a covariate when examining effects on novelty-suppressed feeding.
Other factors affect vigilance such as group size and structure [37] and local predatory pressure [38], these variables were controlled as far as possible in our experiment through control of predator presence by fox baiting and restriction of access by dogs, and by including mob size as a covariate when analyzing data with sufficient variability to do so (alert and eating).
For this reason age was included as a covariate when analysing the AW measures [ 29, 30].
Age was therefore used as a covariate when examining differences in CHEXI ratings across countries.
Education was additionally included as a covariate when predicting MMSE final score (O'Connor et al., 1989).
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In this subpopulation, we included fasting glucose levels as a continuous covariate when we examined the association between iron deficiency and A1C levels.
The magnitude of the vacation differential varies across subgroups, but it still exists if vacation entitlements are taken into account as an additional covariate, when bargaining and works council coverage and time-invariant firm characteristics are indirectly accounted for, and it is particularly large in services.
Specifically, MV was included as an additional covariate when modeling the gender effect on the provision of intensive care and on hospital mortality of patients requiring intensive care.
Conversely, intensive care status was included as an additional covariate when modeling the gender effect on the provision of MV for all patients and that of different types of MV for ARF patients as well as on hospital mortality of ARF patients.
Most of the observed differences between ratings provided for the SLI and TD groups were not significant when nonverbal IQ was treated as a covariate or when syndrome scales were adjusted for the presence of language and academic items.
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com