Stellar density as a confounding variable.
There is something perverse about a notion of diversity that would require us to treat Asian-American excellence as a confounding variable to be (partially) corrected for, rather than a legacy to be celebrated.
If, indeed, gestational age is an intermediate but if mistakenly labeled as a confounding variable and consequently adjusted in an analysis, the conclusions can be unexpected.
Moreover, we find that implementation timing may act as a confounding variable, as plants that had recently implemented AMT outperformed those with older implementations.
The retrospective methodology used does not allow the investigators to control for other comorbid conditions that might affect the prevalence of diagnoses in this cohort or as a confounding variable of ED utilization.
In addition, methodological limitations such as small sample sizes, insufficient statistical analyses, contraction intensities below 50% of maximal force, or ramp contractions, which incorporate incremental speed of contraction intensity as a confounding variable, impede the results' dependability.
In addition, animals were supplied with sufficient nutrients to exclude starvation as a confounding variable.
They were then handled daily for five days in order to eliminate handling stress as a confounding variable.
Image analysis was carried out using three images per fibre, obtained at different magnifications in order to exclude the zoom factor as a confounding variable.
In narcolepsy, increased incidence of diabetes is a long-standing finding [7], but here obesity as a confounding variable has not been ruled out [8].
The emergence of mutual mate choice theory, coupled with the growing amount of empirical evidence, indicates the need to consider male selectivity as a confounding variable in studies of female mate choice.
