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Individual members of a population of trillions of bacteria have always been resistant to antibiotics, and those individual members are being artificially selected for survival based on supernatural selection, or humans wiping out the less fortunate microbial competition.
In divergent selection experiments, the initial inbred is splitted into two populations, that are artificially selected for highest and lowest values of a given trait.
Reminding the audience that for centuries humans have artificially selected for highly productive animals and plants, he said this process will now be supplemented by genetic engineering, which he referred to as, "the manipulation of the mutation side of the Darwinian equation".
We examine genotype environment interactions by using lines of the butterfly Bicyclus anynana artificially selected for differences in egg size in a full factorial design with two developmental and two oviposition temperatures.
We use lines artificially selected for divergence in development time, pupal mass or egg size, thus, exploiting the standing genetic variation in pre-adult traits present in natural populations of Bicyclus anynana.
We found that stock beetles and beetles artificially selected for extremes of cuticular colour had thicker less porous cuticles when they were darker, and thinner more porous cuticles when they were lighter, showing that colour co-varies with two architectural cuticular features.
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This artificially selects for smaller, slower growing fish in the population, says Berkeley.
All inocula were freshly applied in only one batch of experiments to avoid artificially selecting for primarily resistant organisms.
For example, the authors discuss the success of artificially selecting for group yield in agricultural plots rather than individual fitness as a means for decreasing competition among plants.
The technique advocates collection of resistant snails from natural populations, artificially selecting for resistance within the laboratory and returning descendants to the site of disease transmission.
In addition, there were several examples wherein students confused or had limited capacity to explain the genetic variation (or lack thereof) underlying genetic drift and phenotypic plasticity or incorrectly explained phenotypic plasticity as the result of artificially selecting for more genes associated with the trait.
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