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A respected environmental think-tank has declared it has "strong suspicions" that European car companies are artificially fixing laboratory tests of their air pollution levels, just as VW is alleged to have done by US regulators.
The pair came up with a way of artificially "fixing" nitrogen from the air to make ammonia.
We assume that we perform an intervention on a subset J ⊂ I = { 1, …, p } of variables by artificially fixing the level of the corresponding variables to a value (typically 0 in the case of knock-out experiments): do (X J = x J ).
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Many child narrators are artificially fixed in an idealistic moment to teach us something about youth and innocence.
"Appellants sustained their burden of showing injury by alleging that they paid artificially fixed higher prices," Judge Dennis Jacobs wrote on behalf of the panel.
"They are using the banks to artificially fix the sovereign," said Iñigo Vega, a Spanish banking analyst at Crédit Agricole Cheuvreux, referring to the Spanish government.
The Iranian authorities, which have called the currency plunge part of an economic war against the country by the United States and other Western powers, have since cracked down on black-market trading in the rial and have limited currency transactions to authorized dealers at artificially fixed rates.
Pressured by tightened Western economic sanctions and a burgeoning black market for dollars, with Iranian citizens desperate to buy them, Iran's central bank has loosened its strict foreign exchange policy, allowing money traders there to sell dollars for rials at the unofficial market rate, rather than the artificially fixed official rate.
As he later argued against Quine, "[t]he revolt against the dualism of the analytic and the synthetic rests on a confusion of the logical analysis of (artificially fixed) languages with the historical investigation of (growing, shifting natural) languages" (Feigl 1956, p. 7 8).
In 1989, the Communist states failed in their effort to manage the economy through five-year plans and artificially fixed prices.
In the first series, comprising 30 experiments over 4 weeks, we followed the same design as above, but with the key difference that in each experiment four nodes were selected, one from each group (indicated with a filled circle in Figure 2), and their contributions were all artificially fixed either at 10 (the "cooperative" condition) or 0 (the "defection" condition) for all rounds.
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com