Data for randomly selected small groups of participants were repeatedly bootstrapped with the aim of artificially determining a threshold of low performance and comparing this with the known actual threshold.
We would also like to note that the four residential transition patterns included as variables in the current study do not capture all of the possible transitions between observation points, and thus in some sense these patterns are artificially determined by the design of the LSOA II.
Determining the number of clusters is an important issue in clustering, which can be either designated artificially or determined automatically.
The historical samples, see Fig. 6, were compared to the artificially aged samples to determine the validity of the artificial ageing.
A spokesman for Syngenta said: "A sucrose-based mechanism was used on the basis that it was required to expose bees artificially to thiamethoxam to determine what actual level of residue would exert a toxic effect".
The nutritional requirements of saprotrophs (and of some parasites that can be cultivated artificially) have been determined by growing fungi experimentally on various synthetic substances of known chemical composition.
Since 2007 INDEC has used artificially low inflation data to determine how many people can afford basic goods.
Furthermore, we examined pollen fertility of 43 lines of artificially crossed F1 hybrids to determine whether reproductive isolation occurs between species and how the parental genetic distances are related to the observed degrees of reproductive isolation.
On February 19 , 1942 President Franklin Delano Roosevelt signed Executive Order 9066, which authorized the Secretary of War to determine the boundaries of artificially-designated "military zones" that allowed the United States to move Japanese Americans into internment camps.
In contrast, much algal research is performed under artificially static laboratory environments, where different constraints determine performance.
