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PCA demonstrated that normalization successfully removed artificial variance between datasets (Additional file 5B,D).
Statistical analysis showed that the signal concordance of three technical replicates at each time point was very high (R2 > 99.8%), indicating that our data contained very limited artificial variance.
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Experimental data collected are tested with analysis of variance (ANOVA) and artificial neural network (ANN) techniques.
As the six items in this new scale are similarly formulated (but with different response formats) to the items measuring the extent of practicing EBP, there is a risk of producing artificial co-variance (common method bias) [ 54].
In future work, we will induce artificial deformation and variance in section thickness to the dataset in order to examine the limits of our registration method.
Given that a slight concentration-specific difference in silencing efficiency is likely to exist in our dataset, we expect a small artificial increase in variance, which we deem unlikely to have any effect on the selection of the most important predictors.
The standard deviation, σ, is given in those cases where artificial noise with constant variance was added to the data.
The variance of artificial eye measurements gives an indication of the noise within the instrument and including the alignment and measurement technique.
ANOVA: analysis of variance; ASW: artificial seawater; bp: base pair; CH: cuticular hydrocarbons; dsRNA: double-stranded RNA; EDTA: ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid; ER: endoplasmic reticulum; HPLC: high performance liquid chromatography; MRP: mate recognition pheromone; PBS: phosphate-buffered saline; PCR: polymerase chain reaction; UTR: untranslated region.
From computation, a sample size of 400 patients would have been sufficient, but we had to take the cluster effect into account, related to the fact that the patients were recruited in different practices (adjustment taking into account the artificial decrease of the variance of measures collected in the same practice).
We estimated the variance of these artificial models by generating several random sets of synthetic active region and patch locations.
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Since I tried Ludwig back in 2017, I have been constantly using it in both editing and translation. Ever since, I suggest it to my translators at ProSciEditing.

Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com