In recent years, neuroelectric and neuromagnetic investigations provided evidence for the brain's early sensitivity to distinctive features and their acoustic consequences, particularly for place of articulation distinctions.
The present study probes perception of place of articulation distinctions among Polish sibilants using an AX discrimination task, and compares results from 13 Polish-speaking and 10 English-speaking subjects.
Results from a group of normal-hearing listeners with our modified system show improved perception of frication and affrication features, as well as place-of-articulation distinction, without degrading the perception of nasals and semivowels compared to low-pass filtering and Posen et al.'s system.
The key move is to not build Nagel's conception of universality into the articulation of the distinction.
This articulation can be effectuated through the adoption of the distinction between core (i.e. central, foundational) and auxiliary (i.e., supplementary) subsistence activities.
For example, both languages contrast "broad" and "slender" consonants, but only at the coronal and dorsal places of articulation; both Scottish Gaelic and Manx have lost the distinction in labial consonants.
There is a way out, but to find it one must first attend to a crucial but universally ignored distinction between linguistic expressions and their vehicles of articulation: to this end, consider two individuals both of whom know English but one only speaks while the other only writes.
A well rehearsed binary between material impairment and social disability, (echoing the sex/gender distinction), has been replaced in some writings with an articulation of bodily (dis)abilities as an intertwined nature/culture of the kind articulated above.
Turning now to Wollheim's influential application of a type-token distinction (1968, 1980), what is most noteworthy about his articulation of the idea that at least some works of art are best categorized as types is the reason he gives for saying that types are different from other "generic entities," and in particular, universals.
Writing in a post-modernist re-articulation of this feminist standpoint theory, Donna Haraway argues that the breakdown of the nature/culture distinction because of scientific technology and its alteration of the human body makes us into "cyborgs".
In these approaches, the click letter represents both articulations, with the different letters representing different click 'types', there is no velar-uvular distinction, and the accompanying letter represents the manner, phonation, or airstream contour of the click: etc. Letters for the voiceless implosives are no longer supported by the IPA, though they remain in Unicode.
