What the research found is that most other global citizenship programmes do not have an articulated programme theory.
An articulated programme theory produced for the GCSA Programme, analysed against the available social science literature, indicated it is comparable to other such programmes in terms of its overarching framework.
Box 1 Well-articulated programme theory A Canadian programme sought to engage front-line health professionals in continuously improving the services they offered to people with chronic conditions.
It does not help that the Brazilian mass media is essentially in the hands of four families and, in the face of the opposition's failure to articulate a programme, stepped up its activism.
If you sign up to that, you'll be organised and it'll be democratic and there will be no vain personalities trying to take it over, and we can articulate a programme and a movement that might become a party on that basis.
Ariela Luna, former policy minister for the development and social inclusion ministry, said that combating infant malnutrition counted on "explicit presidential and governmental support and targeted public spending" which meant using the evidence-based Articulated Nutrition Programme.
The first step in this process, and the focus of this research, involves eliciting and articulating stakeholders' programme theories.
However, no previous evaluations have clearly articulated ERS programme theories and attempted to establish congruence between the conceived and the delivered intervention.
A key point is that articulating a programme theory is both feasible and practical, even for practitioners accustomed to 'flying by the seat of their pants'.
By not articulating its programme theory upfront, the programme failed to take into account: (1) the incongruity between the role of the CMW and the dominant class and gendered norms; (2) market and consumer behaviour; and (3) level of infrastructural development.
