In a study on patients with pneumococcal septic arthritis, meningitis was noted as the underlying extra-articular focus of infection in 16 of 105 adults (15%) [ 2].
In this review, we present an outline of minor collagens in articular cartilage, focusing on the link between these extracellular matrix proteins to OA.
Hence, we examined activation and function of the UPR in human and bovine knee articular chondrocytes, focusing on CHOP, and on biomechanical injury and responses to IL-1β, an inflammatory mediator in OA [ 1].
This review aims to overview the role of IL-17 during host defense and autoimmunity, with a particular focus on IL-17 and articular inflammation.
In the future, third-generation cell-based articular cartilage repair should focus on the use of chondroprogenitor cells and biofunctionalized biomaterials for more extensive and permanent repair.
Although this review focuses on articular cartilages, we have to point out that OA is currently considered the consequence of the whole joint failure.
DAS28, a score validated in RA [ 9], has proven to be a highly effective tool in previous studies of PsA and biologic agents [ 10- 12] and is suitable for studies involving synovial tissue analysis as it focuses on articular involvement.
Currently, treatment of intra-articular fractures essentially focuses completely on restoration of the macroanatomy of the joint.
BSA is defined as intra-articular heterogeneous hyperechoic foci with or without posterior shadowing over a hypo- or anechogenic background.
The morphology of lesions in mouse models of osteoarthritis (OA) has not been comprehensively characterized, in part because current histological assessments of OA focus primarily on articular cartilage (AC).
This limitation is similar to other methods that focus on specific articular surface regions [ 6, 15].
