Extensive tears create technical problems requiring an extra-articular approach.
They introduced the concept of end-to-side valgization osteotomy in cases of infantile coxa vara, which presents only a minimal risk of head necrosis due to its extra-articular approach and lack of medialization of the distal femoral shaft.
We report a case of malunited intra-articular fracture of the distal radius successfully treated with corrective osteotomy through an extra-articular approach using a custom-made surgical guide that was designed based on preoperative three-dimensional computer simulation.
Our technique does not include an intra-articular approach.
In each centre a different intra-articular approach was applied by an experienced musculoskeletal radiologist, fluoroscopic-guided anterior (FLa), fluoroscopic-guided posterior (FLp), US-guided anterior (USa) and US-guided posterior (USp).
The use of intra-articular approaches may also be considered.
In no part of the column does the does this costal articular axis approach the horizontal like that in abelisauroids [5], [35], [85] and some allosauroids [48].
Intra-articular injection approach was investigated as a localized treatment strategy providing: site-specific delivery, decreased side effects and, increased patient compliance.
Chitosan-glycerol phosphate/blood clots represent a novel articular cartilage repair approach, which has yielded promising results in the clinic [ 4].
The logic behind a local, intra-articular gene therapy approach to treating arthritis remains as compelling as it did when first published over 15 years ago [ 13], and we continue to believe it will eventually form part of the clinical armamentarium [ 33].
When the lesion is located under the anterior part of the tibial articular surface the surgical approach is anterior; when the lesion is located under the tibial spines area or posterior, the approach should be posterior because of the presence of cruciate ligaments, identifying the popliteal neurovascular bundles.
