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If a mutation blocks an arterial pathway of a network, the network may still function due to the presence of an alternative pathway, and this is termed redundancy.
The horizontal drainage of the superficial vein travels along the arterial pathway.
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Four pathways of extrapancreatic perineural spread have been described that conveniently follow small defined arterial pathways.
Lymphatic drainage of the esophagus generally follows arterial pathways and so craniocaudal pathways of spread are usually seen.
In the rat heart, the sympathetic nerves are distributed in the subepicardial layer throughout most surfaces and penetrate into myocardium along coronary arterial pathways, while parasympathetic nerves are mainly located around conducting system.
In most patients, this vascular anomaly is asymptomatic [ 23], and the rarity of a pediatric ICA agenesis diagnosis suggests that the arterial collateral pathways are initially sufficient to support cerebral perfusion [ 24].
There is experimental evidence that the para-arterial drainage pathways are connected to the lymphatics of the exterior skull base [ 81, 82].
Interestingly, the extent of amyloid deposition is so prominent that it was suggested as a natural tracer for the peri-arterial drainage pathways [ 83].
In contrast, in the zebrafish embryo, the PI3K pathway suppresses arterial differentiation by blocking the ERK signaling cascade [38].
Defects in OFT development in human patients carrying JAGGED1 or NOTCH2 mutations or in mice carrying mutations in Notch ligands, receptors or target genes demonstrate the importance of this intercellular signaling pathway in arterial pole development [13] [20].
Furthermore, FrzA/sFRP-1, a secreted antagonist of the Wnt-Frizzled pathway, delayed arterial SMC entry into the S-phase [ 24].
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