Symptomatic patients accounted for 46.8% of those with severe hyperkalemia; the most common symptom was cardiac arrest, followed by arrhythmia and muscle weakness.
Two triadin knock-out (KO) mouse models have been developed, presenting with cardiac arrhythmia and skeletal muscle weakness (7– 9).
The triadin KO mouse, a mouse line devoid of any triadin isoform, has been previously shown to present both cardiac arrhythmia (8) and muscle weakness (9).
Bulbar paresis, proceeding muscle weakness, and arrhythmia are signs of progression of an acute attack and the patient should be transferred to the intensive care unit.
Excess thyroid hormone can also increase the risk of arrhythmias 24 25 and muscle weakness 23 in older people, which can contribute to a greater risk of falls.
In such cases, potassium replacement should begin with fluid therapy, and insulin treatment should be delayed until potassium concentration is restored to >3.3 mEq/l to avoid life-threatening arrhythmias and respiratory muscle weakness (4, 13).
While cesium has been reported to cause fatigue, muscle weakness, palpitations and arrhythmia, strontium impairs mineralization of the bone which is attributed to osteomalacia and rickets (Cabrera et al. 1999; Melnikov and Zanoni 2013).
Derangement of plasma [K+] is associated with muscle weakness and cardiac arrhythmia as well as, to a lesser degree, cerebral symptoms such as lethargy, irritability, confusion and coma.
Eating disorders are serious illnesses that require medical attention and can lead to heart and blood pressure problems, muscular weakness and cardiac arrhythmia, among other complications.
These medical conditions are known causes of muscle weakness, lassitude, cardiac arrhythmias, and osteoporosis that may increase the risk for falls and fractures [ 8- 14].
