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Carbon nanotubes were subjected to doping with an energetic Ag ion beam, and the carbon nanotubes on the top of the array were transformed into amorphous carbon nanowires with embedded Ag-nanoparticles.
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Data in each array are transformed to make these parameters equal to 0 and 1, correspondingly.
When the enhancer array was transformed into maize plants it caused an increase in accumulation of transcripts of genes near the site of integration in the genome.
After background correction, expression arrays were transformed and normalized according to the Lumi procedure [ 30].
As for each perfect matched (PM) probe in the tiling array there also exist a mismatched (MM) probe, the signal intensities for each probe on both the control and treatment tiling arrays were transformed into a value S = log2 (max (PM-MM, 1).
To make a comparison with the other three quantitative technologies examined in the MAQC project, the CT values obtained from PCR Arrays were transformed from a decreasing copy number scale to an increasing copy number scale applied in the MAQC study [ 8].
Image-shaped arrays are transformed into visualizations with matplotlib (2D) or Mayavi (3D).
Lamellar arrays are transformed into ribbons whose shape reveals their monoclinic crystalline structure.
For miRNA and mRNA gene expression analyses, the normalized, log2 transformed mRNA expression array data were only adjusted for gender, race, and batch, while the miRNA expression array data were transformed using a Van der Waerden (rank) transformation and adjusted for gender, race and batch.
For each array, the log ratios were transformed such that the mean log expression ratio of all elements on the array was zero.
The expression level of each gene was compared to the levels of the housekeeping gene glyceraldehyde 3-phophate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) (3 spots in each array), whereas negative values were transformed to zero.
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