Unlike sun coffee monocultures, shade coffee also sustains a diverse array of vertebrates, including bats and migratory birds, which provide farmers with many ecological services, such as insect predation [5], and may also conserve seed dispersal processes necessary for native tree re-establishment [6].
A growing literature supports these early observations and has extended them, thus supporting the hypothesis that various chemicals alter endocrine function in a wide array of vertebrates and invertebrates (Gray et al. 2002; Iguchi et al. 2001; Markey et al. 2002; Oberdörster and Cheek 2000).
Structurally complex forest provides important habitat for a diverse array of vertebrate fauna.
The hedgehog signaling pathway is indispensable in embryogenesis, being responsible for the development of a wide array of vertebrate organs.
The candlestick banksia is pollinated by and provides food for a wide array of vertebrate and invertebrate animals in summer months.
Pollinated by birds, it provides food for a wide array of vertebrate and invertebrate animals in the autumn and winter months.
Protein and gene sequences for lysozyme c have been characterized from a diverse array of vertebrate and non-vertebrate species [ 8– 11].
Among oncogenic viruses are those in the Polyomaviridae family, whose members infect an array of vertebrate species, including birds, humans, nonhuman primates, bovids, rodents, and sea lions (1, 2 ).
Given the important roles of various PGs during ovulation, pregnancy, and parturition in a wide array of vertebrate species (Guillette et al. 1991; Jenkin and Young 2004), it is surprising that few investigators have examined the disruption of this important class of hormones.
Indeed, many studies have shown that exposure to EDCs is responsible for changes in anatomy, behavior, and reproductive system function in a wide array of vertebrate taxa, including fishes (Jobling et al. 2006), amphibians (Hayes et al. 2003), reptiles (Guillette and Iguchi 2003), and mammals (Sonne et al. 2006), including humans (Guillette et al. 2006; Swan 2006).
Dimetrodon belongs to the array of fossil vertebrates that document in stunning detail the origin of mammals and the evolution of many mammalian characteristics such as a single lower jaw bone, complex teeth for chewing, a novel jaw muscle anatomy, large brains, and three tiny middle ear bones.
