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Autosomal dominant and recessive mutations in the polycystin gene family (PKHD1, PKD2) are thought to cause an array of defects in basic renal epithelial cell function, which in turn culminate in the hallmark cysts and kidney dysfunctions characteristic of the disease [ 2, 3].
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DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.01482.006 AP-stained serial sections from ChAT-IRES-Cre; R26iAP; Fz3 +/− and ChAT-IRES-Cre; R26iAP; Fz3 −/− embryos at E18.5 revealed a diverse array of defects among cholinergic neurons and fibers in the brainstem and periphery.
The wide array of phenotypic defects in the C. difficile spo0A mutant would explain our previous results demonstrating that the C. difficile spo0A gene is required for persistent colonization and disease in mice [ 23].
In the asymmetric case, according to different arrangements of defects in arrays of quantum dots, different and interesting spectral characteristics in conductance can be achieved.
Thus, upregulation of Ubx in wing blade cells lacking xen likely causes a wing blade to haltere transformation that is responsible for the array of defects observed.
The longer first step of anodization, the higher regularity ratio and circularity, and lower percentage of defects in the nanoporous array.
The intensity ratio between D band (~1,350 cm−1) and G band (~1,580 cm−1) generally reflects the degree of defects in the graphitic array.
A high-resolution dispersive Raman microscope (Raman, Horiba Jobin Yvon) was used to characterize the degree of defects in the graphitic array.
Array systems of transducers have found numerous applications in detection and localization of defects in structural health monitoring (SHM) of plate-like structures.
Mura, T. Micromechanics of Defects in Solids, Martinus Nijhoff.
Percentage of defects = No. of defects occuring due to p ainting process Total no. of defects in the process welding, washing, painting, and tamper sealing Open image in new window Table 3 Experimental L9 array Trial no.
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