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As a result, unreliable retrieval caused by wrapped around pixels impacting the average value is avoided.
While the binary patterns such as LBP and CBP use the information of intensity changes around pixels, the LDP uses the edge response values and encodes the image texture.
In block-wise NLM [24], for each overlapping block B ik centered around pixels ik, the NLM restoration takes place as, NL u left {B}_{ik}right)={displaystyle sum_{jepsilon I}}omega left({B}_{ik},{B}_jright)uleft {B}_jright) (1).
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where I u (x,y) and I o (x,y) denote under- and over-exposed image, respectively, and C(I x,y)) measures the contrast of the image I around pixel coordinate (x,y).
The step length of the sliding window is around 4 pixels.
It uses the fact that if knowing ridge local orientation around applied pixels and applying adaptive filter, ridges with the same direction become clear.
Also, let S i be a square search-window of fixed size centered around pixel i.
err i 2 ¯ stands for the sum of square errors in a window around pixel i.
where (4 ., are intensities of lit and unlit frames at pixel, and is the 9 9 block around pixel.
Given input image (a), nine filter responses (b), are computed by applying nine masks as explained in Section 3, then followed by computing energy map at each pixel by summing absolute value of filter output across neighborhood around pixel.
Type I algorithms use modulo-arithmetic-based additive spread frequency techniques [1, 2], some of which provide robustness but often cause salt-and-pepper artifacts due to the many wrapped around pixel intensity.
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