Professors Milberg and Winkler define offshoring as "all purchases of intermediate inputs from abroad, whether done through arms-length contract (offshore outsourcing) or within the confines of a single multinational corporation".
AWH did sign a contract with Sydney Water but O'Farrell said it was done at arms length from government.
Generally, though, Germany were keeping the Scots at arms' length.
Decent people, at least, kept him at arms length.
Stand at an arms length and don't stare.
For years, she felt held at arms length.
"Is this an African viewpoint or rather a Western viewpoint?" In Namibia, political scientists say concerns are growing about whether officials are negotiating arm's-length contracts with China.
"Relationship capitalism is basically where a lot more is done through contacts -- who you know, how you know them -- rather than through arm's-length contracts, more transparency, more open dealing and so on," says Professor Rajan, who is now serving as the International Monetary Fund's chief economist.
There is excessive arm's-length contracting compared to the case where the top firm controls this organizational choice itself.
As compared to arm's-length contracting, a vertically integrated firm can more readily realize efficiencies in the form of lower costs or improved quality, conditions that greatly benefit customers of the firm.
Dr Mann has also written to doctors union the British Medical Association, urging them to return to the negotiating table, after NHS Employers, the arms-length body responsible for contract talks, insisted their proposals were not final.
