Exact(7)
The dlPFC was chosen, as the bilateral dlPFCs have been implicated in numerical processing in children22, and tRNS to the dlPFC during arithmetic training has shown promising results in healthy adults9, 15.
Here, we show that tRNS over the bilateral dorsolateral prefrontal cortices (dlPFCs) improved learning and performance of children with mathematical learning disabilities (MLD) during arithmetic training compared to those who received sham (placebo) tRNS.
In addition, a second experiment revealed that our approximate arithmetic task does not require verbal encoding of number, ruling out an alternative explanation that participants use exact symbolic strategies during approximate arithmetic training.
For example, TRNS would be desirable in the case of arithmetic training where the bilateral dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) is heavily involved (Zamarian et al., 2009).
Notably, recent studies in the field of numerical cognition have shown similar long-term effects after arithmetic training (Snowball et al., 2013), fraction training (Looi et al., 2013), as well as numerosity discrimination training (Cappelletti et al., 2013).
We have demonstrated that five consecutive days of TRNS-accompanied arithmetic training can markedly improve learning as assessed with both a deep-level cognitive processing calculation task and a shallow-level drill task.
Similar(53)
Thus, children's improved symbolic arithmetic after ANS training cannot be explained by their expectations about that training.
2016 .Fractured Arithmetic Accelerator for Training Deep Neural Networks".Paper presented at Workshop on Hardware and Algorithms for On-chip LearNovemberterNovember CoNovember oNovemberer-Aided DesigNovemberber.
Even the mathematically challenged are likely to appreciate the impassioned arithmetic of "Two Trains Running," August Wilson's play about the stark economics of life and death for African-Americans in 1969.
In a controlled design, subjects were trained over a week on two new complex arithmetic operations, one operation trained by the application of back-up strategies, i.e., a sequence of arithmetic operations, the other by drill, i.e., by learning the association between the operands and the result.
The increasing wealth and intellectual sophistication of Greek cities, especially Athens, created a demand for higher education beyond the traditional basic grounding in literacy, arithmetic, music and physical training.
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