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This was no accident: Appeals to uncertainty to preclude or delay political action are so pervasive in political and lobbying circles that they have attracted scholarly attention under the name "Scientific Certainty Argumentation Methods", or "SCAMs" for short.
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Additionally, we will show that a previous effort to recognize the sequence of generic scientific argumentation (Aim, Method, Results, Conclusion) can be extended to locate the subtopics within the Method section in RCT reports.
The arguments were analyzed and classified according to argumentation theory with methods employed previously (Sahlane [2012]).
Methods of argumentation reach their most sophisticated state of development in Xunzi (See Cua, 1985).
Feminists too have taken issue with the methods of argumentation used to establish the moral status of animals.
The Abhidharma analysis of and methods of argumentation about these controversies provided the framework of reference and defined the agenda for the Mahāyāna schools of Madhyamaka and Yogācāra.
They are his understandings of: (1) the two truths; (2) negation and the tetralemma; (3) the role of logic and reasoning; and (4) proper methods of argumentation on the path to Buddhist enlightenment.
The texts also record more formal methods of argumentation and refutation of rival theories that shed light on the evolution of the Abhidharma as responding to the demands of an increasingly polemical environment.
Later on, post-canonical Abhidharma texts became complex philosophical treatises employing sophisticated methods of argumentation and independent investigations that resulted in doctrinal conclusions quite far removed from their canonical antecedents.
While he perhaps does not fit exactly into any of these categories, still his development of sophisticated methods of argumentation to produce apparent proofs of the evidently false conclusions that motion is impossible and that there are not in fact many things made it quite natural for Plato, Aristotle, Isocrates, and others to refer to him under all these labels.
Moreover, we highlight available state-of-the-art systems for abstract argumentation, which put these methods to practice.
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