An alternative hypothesis, direct selection, argues that selection can act directly on both mutational and environmental robustness, and that selection has been strong enough to have an observable effect on mutational robustness in particular [10], [13], [16].
For example, it has been argued that selection for evolvability could occur only through group selection (Lynch 2007).
Just as artificial selection had produced an incredible variety of domestic animals, he argued, natural selection had produced the whole vast spectrum of life on earth.
They, in addition to Law and Grey (1989) and Heino (1998), argued that selection for earlier maturity can be minimized by selectively harvesting larger, older fish and concomitantly minimizing the F on immature fish.
This was the view of the American paleontologist Stephen Jay Gould (1941 2002), who argued that selection at the level of species is very important in macro-evolution i.e., the evolution of organismacro-evolution i periods of time (millions of years).e
It could be argued that selection bias may also be inherent within this questionnaire as respondents who are more confident of their answers are more likely to participate.
Furthermore, it has been argued that selection against deleterious recessive alleles is most efficient when inbreeding occurs gradually [ 1, 15].
In this context, it might be argued that selection for increasing intramuscular fat content might have detrimental consequences on glucose and lipid homeostasis in the skeletal muscle.
Lavner and Kotlar argued that selection may act on codon bias to reduce elongation rate by favoring non-optimal codons in lowly expressed genes.
It has been argued that selection acts distinctively on cis eQTL owing to quantitative effects, limited pleiotropy, and more exposure to selective pressure due to codominant effects versus a recessive mode of action characteristic of trans regulation [ 54].
