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Decoupling of cities from ecological systems can only occur locally and partially, thanks to the appropriation of vast areas of ecosystem services provision beyond the city boundaries.
Repeat photography plays an important role in quantitatively assessing changes and processes across many areas of ecosystem research.
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The equivalent value per unit area of ecosystem services is the latent ability of the ecosystem services produced by unit area of ecosystem.
However, it just provides an average equivalent value per unit area of ecosystem services in China.
We could calculate the ecosystem service value of one equivalent value per unit area of ecosystem as follows: C=1/7{displaystyle suM}}i=1}^nfrac{V}{M}} (2).
Numerous theoretical and technical tools have been developed to understand different landscape elements, in particular the emerging research area of ecosystem services.
Because there are uncertainties about the equivalent value per unit area of each ecosystem service for each ecosystem as well as the veracity of Costanza et al.'s (1997) value coefficients, we conducted sensitivity analysis to examine the dependence of our ecosystem service value estimation on the applied equivalent value per unit area of ecosystem services.
According to 1 250,000 land use/land cover maps of China and the adjusted equivalent value per unit area of ecosystem services in the Nenjiang River Basin, we evaluated the ecosystem service change of the river basin from 1980 to 2005.
Where ESV is the estimated value of ecosystem services, E the equivalent value per unit area of ecosystem services, and i and j represent the initial and revisal value, respectively.
So, we could assume a linear relationship between ecosystem service value and NDVI, then, revise the equivalent value per unit area of ecosystem services in the Nenjiang River Basin as follows: Eij=frac{mathrm{NDVI}m}{mathrm{NDVI}n}times eij (1).
Where C is the economic value of one equivalent value per unit area of ecosystem services, V is the economic value of its crop produced by every farm, M the area of its crop, and n the categories of crop.
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Since I tried Ludwig back in 2017, I have been constantly using it in both editing and translation. Ever since, I suggest it to my translators at ProSciEditing.

Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com