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Areas of callus should always be avoided when testing for pressure perception.
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We observed a negative correlation between the cross-sectional area of callus and maximum bending stress.
Vanadium-enriched C. comatus promoted femoral fracture healing in streptozotocin-diabetic rats with a 35.5% increase in the total area of callus [ 8].
We also considered that increases in the mechanical strength and impedance are involved through changes in the cross-sectional area of callus.
Since the cross-sectional area of callus was correlated with maximum bending stress and the impedance values increased with the callus-remodeling process, we suggest that temporal increases in overall impedance reflect callus maturation.
The resistivity of bone decreased over 4 weeks and the cross-sectional area of callus decreased significantly over 6 weeks, while the maximum bending stress increased significantly over the same time.
The impedance values, which are related to changes in electrical conductivity and the conduction pathway, increased due to the changes in the cross-sectional area of callus, despite the reduction in bone resistivity.
Similar observations were made in most of the rofecoxib-treated rabbits except that large areas of the callus appeared to be poorly mineralized.
In contrast with the former, multifocal fracture of bone trabeculae associated with the formation of microcallus and broad areas of mineralized callus were present in the bone fragments removed from the rest of the femoral neck at the revision surgery.
Interestingly, the MMP inhibitor Timp2 was also expressed in most areas of the callus, with a stronger signal observed at the junction of cartilage and bone, at which several MMPs are highly expressed (Fig. 3I).
By day 6, Mmp2 expression was still diffuse (Fig. 2D) but, compared with day 3, was stronger in areas of the callus in which cartilage and bone form, as shown by adjacent sections stained with collagen type 1 and collagen type 2 in situ probes (Fig. 2A C).
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