Based on the common view that an effect on mucociliary clearance is one of the major areas of toxicity for nasal drug administration, the present study was designed to assess the ciliary toxicity of these two vitamins for intranasal application.
In this category, we have included only IRIS, NTP, ToxRefDB, and U.S. EPA and OECD HPV SIDS reports because they can be assumed to have covered a defined standard set of areas of toxicity for most chemicals.
In this commentary we raise concerns about the NAS approach to RfD development in three areas of toxicity assessment: the dose that the NAS described as a no observable adverse-effect level is actually associated with perchlorate-induced effects; consideration of uncertainties was insufficient; and the NAS considered the inhibition of iodine uptake to be a nonadverse effect.
In recent years, the use of soil clay materials to replace commercially available adsorbents has attracted much attention due to their low cost, ready availability, high surface area, lack of toxicity and potential for ion exchange (Chen et al. 2011; Gurses et al. 2006; Murray 2000).
The lower effect per unit mass dose seen with Sterling V is consistent with earlier studies showing that particle surface area of low toxicity particles is a more appropriate dosemetric for induction of inflammation in the lungs than particle mass (Oberdörster et al., 1994, 2001; Brown et al. 2001; Donaldson et al., 2002).
Recent findings in the area of dioxin toxicity have led to a major effort to reassess its risk.
This has been described by researchers working in the area of nanoparticle toxicity (Balbus et al. 2007; Powers et al. 2006), as well as by us.
The results indicate high risks of exposure of cocoa farmers in the study area to toxicity and health hazards of pesticides due to mishandling and habits exhibited during pesticide application.
It is recommended that to progress in the areas of eye and skin irritation we need to expand our knowledge of toxic markers in humans and the biochemical basis of irritation; progress in the area of acute systemic toxicity will require the development of in vitro models to determine gastrointestinal uptake, blood-brain barrier passage, and biotransformation.
Whether or not causally related, all had histories of toxic exposures: one had grown up in Tom's River, New Jersey, a well documented area of extreme chemical toxicity; another had a sibling with childhood leukemia (which may suggest exposure to chemical toxins) and himself had worked for a chemical company for years, describing the difficulty with dealing with the severe chemical odors.
