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Local symptoms are physiological or structural changes within a limited area of host tissue, such as leaf spots, galls, and cankers.
Sensitivity analyses revealed that the model output, i.e. the percentage of infected area, out of the total area of host species, was rather sensitive to changes in the number of arrival years and number of arrivals per year (imported moth-carrying objects) (Figure 8A,B).
Immunofluorescence microscopy has shown that the area of host cell in proximity to the bacterium contains polymerized actin, α-actinin, talin, and ezrin (2 ).
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Gene expression technologies, such as microarrays represent a well-established technology and have been widely exploited in the last years leading to a vast amount of gene expression information, particularly in the area of host-pathogen interactions [ 33, 44– 44].
Although individual compounds and biochemical pathways were not analysed in detail, it is clear that the usefulness of this new technology in the area of host-pathogen research lies in the opportunity for high-through output screening of metabolic changes, as well as responsiveness of tissues to signals from activated immune cells, for instance, in the context of bacterial infection.
For both classifications of pipe research requirements are identified in the generalised areas of: host pipe condition assessment, lining design, lining installation, and system maintenance.
Many of the down-regulated genes act in immunity, although others act in non-immune areas of host biology.
In the niche modeling, the relevant environmental variables reflects the distribution of suitable areas of host animals, rather than plague foci or Yersinia pestis.
Thus, besides considering relative bark substrate areas of hosts and spatial autocorrelations, very large sample sizes are crucial to support claims of limited host ranges.
Of the factors considered, stand-level density, i.e., the total basal area of the host species within a 10 m radius, had the highest importance values for mortality.
Specifically, the vision modules detect the number of vehicles contained in the local area of the host vehicle (traffic load) and their relative velocities.
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