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Area level data were collated using a MapInfo geographic information systems (GIS) database.
As discharge mortality, neonatal mortality, and rates of stillbirth showed similar patterns we believe that this adds strength to our findings based on area level data.
The area level data on other demographic factors are publicly available and do not require permission from any authorities to use them.
Environmental data for each LSOA were obtained from published UK Government Neighbourhood Statistics (www.neighbourhood.statistics.gov.uk), a collection of small area level data across England.
Investigating the impact of area socioeconomic conditions over the life course on health in later life is complex, requiring residential addresses for each study member at multiple dates over a long period, plus corresponding area level data for each date.
55 Fifth, most area level data in this study are at the county level and thus less granular than a smaller area unit such as a census block; however, no such publicly available data exists.
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Individual household level data were aggregated by the respective countries' statistics bureaus and results were presented by separating rural and urban areas and as country level data for some countries.
We describe the use of propensity score matching (PSM) to select control local authority areas (LAU) to evaluate the public health impact of alcohol policies for (1) prospective evaluation of alcohol policies using area-level data, and (2) a novel two-stage quasi case control design.
Maré et al. (2013) use firm and area-level data for New Zealand: they find positive associations from area-level migrant presence to innovation, but no significant links at firm level.
As few studies possess both person-level and area-level data, the interaction between these measures, though potentially of significant importance, is poorly understood [8], [9], [10].
Area-level data have been assigned to individual cases.
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