All particle types when packed in the bed were found to overlap each other to some degree, and the extent of this was estimated from photographs, from which the average particle surface area effectiveness η was found to range from 0.69 to 0.85.
Although similar methods are often applied in marine and aquatic environments, the drivers and factors affecting species survival and protected area effectiveness in marine and aquatic systems are often quite different from those impacting terrestrial systems [ 66, 67].
Marine protected areas effectiveness, nowadays under the threats of global warming and coral bleaching, depends greatly on ecosystem resilience, where the grazing effect of parrotfishes, as well as other herbivores, is the key role to maintain the functional dominance of reef builders such as corals and coralline algae [24], [25].
If the overheating phenomena is caused by an excessive supply water temperature and radiator area, the effectiveness of the TRV can reach about 80%; the TRV's effect becomes more obvious with increasing overheating degree; however, about 20%40%% of overheating loss still needs to be resolved by improving improper operation adjustment and design.
Our findings indicated that the current urban area ecological effectiveness quantifying BAF system may not be appropriate.
If that size is taken to be the ratio of the volume to external surface area, the effectiveness factors for all particle shapes come together asymptotically and are reasonably close together over the whole range.
These devices have efficiencies comparable to conventional inorganic semiconductor based devices, coupled with the inherent advantage of having polymers as the active component in the device especially in terms of large area, cost effectiveness, chemical tunability and flexibility.
The as constructed rock fill embankment unintentionally allowed significant leakage of dredged spoil through and along much of its perimeter, compromising the disposal area's effectiveness in meeting water quality requirements.
One researcher, Ross S. Stein, even suggested that the crest may have supported a membrane of skin connecting the backward-pointing crest to the neck and back, increasing its surface area and effectiveness as a rudder.
The review of evaluation data can identify areas of effectiveness, as well as problem areas in teaching.
Just as new medicines are subjected to clinical trials before they are used more widely, the health reform proposals could have been piloted in some areas, their effectiveness measured and the final policy tailored accordingly.
