Upon activation, cytoplasmic Nrf2 proteins are translocated to the nucleus where they bind to the antioxidant responsive element (ARE) and activate transcription of a large array of antioxidant genes (for review, see Kensler et al, 2007).
Thus, water enters the xylem cells in the roots and travels to the leaves via the stems, and photosynthates (products of photosynthesis) enter the phloem cells in the leaves and are translocated to the roots via the stems.
Inhaled NPs were demonstrated to enter the lungs where they are translocated to the circulatory system, leading to cardiovascular lesions [4].
In rice plants, the metals such as iron, zinc, magnesium etc. are translocated to the reproductive organs via xylem and phloem through different types of transporters viz.
Following different extracellular stimuli, the IκB proteins are degraded by 26S proteasome, and free and active NF-κB transcription factors are translocated to the nucleus.
They are translocated to leaves if their diameter is smaller than 36 nm even if it is below the detection limit.
However, it is quite likely that the CeO2 nanoparticles are translocated to the root cortex with support of the alginic acid coating.
EspB and EspD are involved in pore formation on the membranes of the infected cells [19] and are translocated to both the membrane and the cytoplasm [20].
Activated STATs are translocated to the nucleus where they bind to STAT response elements (SREs) on target genes to regulate transcription.
For instance, future inter-zoo animal transfers, in which gesturers are translocated to new communities, could be opportunistically exploited as ideal tests of the sort that have rarely been feasible with primates [10], [52], [53].
Several reports indicate the presence of cytosolic proteins on surfaces of different bacteria but how these proteins are translocated to the surface, remains unanswered especially when conventional secretion or anchoring signals are absent.
