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Prokaryotic preproteins with an N-terminal twin-arginine (RR) motif-containing leader peptide are translocated in a fully folded state by the twin-arginine translocation (Tat) system.
We demonstrated that HA-tagged TrcA and EspM1 (B171) are translocated in a T3SS-dependent mechanism (data not shown).
VCP is an AAA family protein that is essential for ERAD, binding ubiquitylated proteins as they are translocated in a retrograde fashion from the ER lumen (3).
Using a TEM-1-β-lactamase fusion assay (Charpentier and Oswald, 2004), we demonstrated that EspM2 (CR) and EspM3 are translocated in a T3SS-dependent mechanism (data not shown).
Nevertheless, we speculate that heat shock protein response (e.g., HSPA8 upregulation) is involved as an amplifier of the codon usage effect for large, aggregation-prone proteins and membrane proteins that are translocated in a semi-folded state.
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Another series of events is difficult to reconstruct: trnC and trnY are translocated in all three species to a position between trnS2 and nad1, but in different order and on different strands (referred to as No. 6 from Cirripedia in Fig. 6 and 7).
The TFEB gene is translocated in a subset of renal tumours where it is subjected to a robust heterologous promoter (Davis et al, 2003; Kuiper et al, 2003).
We hypothesize that the incomplete masculinisation of our patient is due to activation of the abnormal X to which SRY sequences had been translocated in a subpopulation of gonadal cells.
TFEB is a basic helix-loop-helix (bHLH) leucine zipper transcription factor of the Myc family, microphthalmia transcription factor subfamily (Steingrimsson et al, 2004), that is translocated in a subset of renal tumours (Davis et al, 2003; Kuiper et al, 2003; Srigley and Delahunt, 2009).
RuvB forms two hexameric rings, through which dsDNA is translocated in an ATP hydrolysis-dependent manner [ 48, 72].
Our data suggest that very small amounts of gold particles 2 nm or less in size are translocated in normal healthy lungs and whereas there is less translocation of 40 nm and the 100 nm gold.
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