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Archaeal mRNAs typically have short 5′-UTRs and, in some species, many 5′-UTRs are ≤8 nt and, as such, are designated as leaderless and are translated using a distinct initiation mechanism [ 47– 47].
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All questionnaires for which a German or French version did not exist were translated using a translation/back-translation procedure.
Questionnaires that had not yet been translated were translated using a forward-backward translation procedure [ 37].
In one example, a sentence written in Arabic meaning "The White House confirmed the existence of a new bin Laden tape" was translated using a standard rule-based translator and became "Alpine white new presence tape registered for coffee confirms Laden".
The validity and reliability of the questionnaire was verified by the researchers as the following: The scale was translated using a standard forward-backward translation technique [ 46].
All questions which had not been used before in the respective language in validated questionnaires were translated using a forward backward method with two different native translators.
Proteins were translated using a cell-free bilayer system [26], where the translation reaction is separated from translational substrate buffer by carefully overlaying in a 6-well multi-well plate.
Equal amounts of in vitro transcribed RNA from the various constructs illustrated in figure 3A were translated using a rabbit reticulocyte lysate system (Fig. 3B).
0.5 µg of each purified transcript was translated using a rabbit reticulocyte lysate system (Promega, USA), according to the manufacturer's instructions, in the presence of 20 µCi Pro-mix (L- [35S]-methionine and L- [35S]-cysteine (Amersham Pharmacia Biotech) per reaction.
Technical terms such as gene, heredity and ethnicity were translated using a lexicon from the National Institute of Local Languages.
The AV reovirus S1 RNA transcript was translated using a 25 μl reaction from the rabbit reticulocyte lysate system (Promega).
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