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We also propose twiddle factor transformations, which are required to transform the structures to be canonic and to reduce arithmetic complexity.
In a landmark paper published in 1950, he introduced a concept of the number of positions in which two code words differ, and therefore how many changes are required to transform one code word into another, which is today known as the Hamming distance.
This study and others [36] [38] demonstrate that many changes are required to transform a normal keratinocyte into a tumorigenic cell.
In addition, genomic changes can result from the tissue culture procedures that are required to transform several plant species, leading to epigenetic and heritable (somaclonal) variation of nucleic DNA [8] [10].
Few, if any, selective events are required to transform a highly invasive cancer cell into one with the capacity to metastasize (Jones et al. 2008a).
Similarly, at least 33 inversions are required to transform the D. melanogaster F element gene order to that observed in D. grimshawi (73 genes in common).
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Is he ready to do that job with the passion and fight that will be required to transform America's energy future?
Nobody knows what chain of evolutionary factors is required to transform an infectious virus — like H.I.V. — into one that is inherited.
But Mr. Chang quickly grew sober and spoke of the difficult work ahead that would be required to transform the diplomatic feats of Pyongyang into lasting political achievements.
Although a substantal £200m-plus conversion project will be required to transform the venue into the Queen Elizabeth Olympic Park, it is already possible to get a sense of how the project to deliver London's biggest urban park in more than a century might succeed.
"From the start, our eye was on what was required to transform these operations into businesses that would attract the world's best suppliers needed to move Ford's business forward – and at the same time, preserve as many jobs as possible.
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