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where rand j ∈ 0,1),j∈{1,2,3,4} are independently sampled random numbers, τ 1 and τ 2 are probabilities to adjust the control parameters, F l =0.1 and F u =0.9 delimit the range of F values ∈[0.1,1].
Second, our model does not explicitly incorporate genetic polymorphisms, meaning that the heritable traits are probabilities to adopt alternatives of each strategy (disperse or stay; cooperate or cheat) depending on environmental and/or social conditions [ 1, 10, 32, 64- 66].
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There are probabilities attached.
How are these probabilities to be understood?
How are the probabilities to be used in making predictions within the theory?
**The data was probability weighted prior to analysis to account for the complex sampling design.
"They're probabilities.
What they don't do, but should, is assign probabilities to various behaviors by future Congresses.
In addition to low response rates, most phone surveys considered to be probability samples these days actually rely on two different sample sources: residential landlines and mobile phones.
When we consider risk, we are applying probability to our own safety, and all the evidence is that we still struggle.
It's probability.
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Since I tried Ludwig back in 2017, I have been constantly using it in both editing and translation. Ever since, I suggest it to my translators at ProSciEditing.

Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com