Small, icy objects called plan etesimals, the flotsam and jetsam of the early solar system, were perturbed from their orbits during and just after the formation of the giant planets -- Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus and Neptune.
The model is perturbed from this reference state by a scaled NGRIP oxygen isotope curve and the SPECMAP sea-level reconstruction.
Suppose that the state is perturbed from this fixed point at time (t_{0}), so that (textbf{u}(t) = textbf{v}+ epsilon widetilde {textbf{v}}(t)) for some small (epsilon>0).
During the simulations, the model is perturbed from its stable equilibrium by a short current injection whose duration guarantees that the rapidly rising membrane potential will reach and cross its local maximum, creating a fully developed spike; see [12, 13, 47, 48] for more details.
But as to why this comet (if that's what it was) was perturbed from its stable orbit in the Oort belt, no one knows for sure.
The object might have been a comet from the outer reaches of the Solar System, but no one knows why this comet was perturbed from its weakly bound, but stable, orbit.
We have developed a mathematical model in which SF alignment perpendicular to the stretch direction occurs as a consequence of the accelerated disassembly of SFs whose level of extension is perturbed from a set-point level [13].
To briefly explain the principle, let a stable network consisting of n species be perturbed from the reference steady-state.
The notion of being obliged to perceptually integrate signal components means that children's perceptual strategies are resistant to being perturbed from fusing components in that manner.
The findings of the present study are unlikely to be the result of the mice being perturbed from the tumour implantation per se, as they remained in good health throughout the experiment.
