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Given the need for interoperability, these messages are often defined using a form of XML.
Systems which are continuous are often defined using differential equations or equivalent statements which imply an infinite number of elements.
However, subjective probabilities are often defined using utilities ([ 3] Singpurwalla 2006).
The convention for binary or categorical outcomes in SEMs has been to describe binary regression models with the latent variable format while the NLMMs are often defined using the non-linear link format.
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The activity of the solute in the saturated solution is often defined using the pure melt at the same temperature as the thermodynamic reference.
Vascular dysfunction is often defined using criteria for blood transfusion, generally using four or five units as the cut off for near miss [ 2, 6, 8, 9].
Area deprivation is often defined using indices such as the Index of Multiple Deprivation (IMD) (ODPM, 2004), Townsend deprivation index (Townsend et al., 1988), or the Carstairs deprivation index (Carstairs, 1995), which are comprised of items from the census.
The most frequently employed phase II oncology endpoint is the response rate (RR) [ 9], which is most often defined using the RECIST criteria [ 10].
The phenotypes of MDSCs are often defined without the use of the CD45 marker to discriminate among leukocytes and tumor cells (27, 29, 89, 101, 102, 105, 107, 108) and only a few works have added it in flow cytometry analysis (97, 99, 100, 103, 104, 106, 109).
The variables that have been analyzed using DXA are often defined only in regions of interest such as the femoral neck and vertebral body that are relevant for osteoporosis, for which DXA has been specifically designed.
Regardless of the surveillance method used, cases are often defined by malaria parasitaemia in association with either an objective fever (i.e. temperature>37.5) or a subjective fever.
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com