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Survival data in many follow-up studies are often collected using cross-sectional sampling designs.
Bleeding data in contraceptive trials are often collected using daily diaries, but data quality may vary due to compliance and recall bias.
Data for health surveys are often collected using either mailed questionnaires, telephone interviews or a combination.
Such qualitative data are often collected using multiple methods, including focus groups, key informant interviews, expert opinion, and clinical observation.
Data on quality of life are often collected using proxies, but research findings show discrepancies between child and proxy reports [ 43].
In oncology, health-related quality of life (HRQoL) data are often collected using disease-specific patient questionnaires while generic, patient-level utility data required for health economic modeling are often not collected.
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Biological evidence, whether obtained at a crime scene, from a rape victim or from a suspect, is often collected using a swab, and this collection is usually the first step in a long process of obtaining the DNA profiles of possible perpetrators.
Since feedback is often collected using error-prone measurement mechanisms, for example, biased estimator or unbiased estimator, they adopted the knowledge of stochastic approximation and proved stability of the algorithms of single-time scale and two-time scale.
The crisis maps contain up-to-date satellite imagery that are often collected and annotated using crowdcomputing and crowdsourcing techniques (that are discussed later).
Raw communication data are often collected, processed, and coded using recordings (audio or video) to create categorical data.
Cost data are often collected through the use of postal questionnaires; however, the accuracy of this method is uncertain.
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