Sentence examples for are often calculated using from inspiring English sources

Normal ranges are often calculated using simple statistical measures (for example, mean SBR ± 2 standard deviations).

These strength profiles are often calculated using empirical relationships that relate measured log parameters (e.g. bulk density, compression wave velocity) to Unconfined Compressive Strength (UCS).

Such probabilities are often calculated using a hidden Markov model (HMM; see Broman and Sen 2009, App. D).

In order to identify WGD events, the evolutionary distances of homologous gene pairs are often calculated using synonymous mutation or 4DTV values, and the histogram of values interrogated for distinct peaks (Tuskan et al. 2006; Barker et al. 2008).

The image quality is generally measured in terms of the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR), which is often calculated using samples taken from the reconstructed image.

For complex system models, this expected value can rarely be evaluated analytically and so it is often calculated using stochastic simulation techniques, which involve an estimation error and significant computational cost.

For complex systems this probability can rarely be evaluated analytically and so it is often calculated using stochastic simulation techniques, which involve an unavoidable estimation error and significant computational cost.

Phylogenetic signal is defined as the tendency for related species to resemble each other more than they resemble species drawn at random from the tree [22] and phylogenetic signal is often calculated using the mean contrast value for all nodes descendant of a node [22], [35], [36], [37].

13, 14 Dual-task cost is often calculated using the formula: and expressed as percentage.

Cost-effectiveness is often calculated using the mean difference in costs and effects, and is based on comparison between two or more possible treatment options.

Resolution is more often calculated using the width at half-height [ 29, 30], which for a Gaussian peak is 2.35σ, because it obviates practical issues associated with a noisy baseline or overlapping peaks [ 29].