Sentence examples for are often calculated as from inspiring English sources

When the relationship between two categorical variables, each with only two categories, is being investigated, variations on the χtest of association are often calculated as well as, or instead of, the usual test in order to improve the approximation.

The LUC are often calculated as the difference between scenarios with and without implementation of such a policy.

The CRM features are often calculated as the likelihood of the CRM in a given genome context [38].

ROP is often calculated as an average hourly value over a specified basis of time (i.e., instantaneous, hour, shift, day, month, year, or the entire project), and the basis for calculation should be clearly defined.

The benefit of these "upward-movements" on a health scale compared to avoided "downward-movements" is often calculated as the potential gain in QALYs ("quality-adjusted life years").

In non-paired studies, the reference is often calculated as the robust average across a pool of samples, (cf. Bengtsson et al., 2008b).

Opportunity cost is often calculated as lost contribution margin, if part of the production facility is not working.

The coefficient of correlation is often calculated as a measure of how well the equation fits the data.

Outlet density measures are often calculated for administrative geographies such as zip codes, census tracts or postcodes (Freisthler et al., 2008; Livingston, 2011; Theall et al., 2009; Treno et al., 2007).

They are often calculated from time to event curves such as for overall survival and progression-free survival.

Quantitative soil mineralogy has been identified as a key factor influencing PROFILE weathering estimates, and is often calculated with normative methods, such as the "Analysis to Mineralogy" ('A2M') model.