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In an HMM, 'hidden' refers to a Markov chain where the states are not observable, however what can be observed is a sequence of data where each observation is a random variable whose distribution depends on the current hidden state.
In an HMM, the states are not observable (they are 'hidden'), but an observation is generated as a probabilistic function of the state, when the system visits the state [13, 18].
The in vivo regulation of androgen receptors by pharmacologic doses of estrogens may thus involve systemic and posttranscriptional effects that are not observable in terms of Ar mRNA levels in isolated mesenchyme cells.
The extension to a hidden Markov model is that the states themselves are not observable but influence the values of a second variable, which is observed.
They are not observable.
The over and undercounts are not observable from the register itself.
Unfortunately, such information is usually hard to obtain since errors are not observable.
It is impossible to control for such differences, since they are not observable.
However, while the household's total consumption is publicly observable, the consumption levels of the individual spouses are not observable.
Such effects are not observable in OECD countries, however, where international reserves do not wobble in line with electoral cycles.
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Indeed, there are not observable differences in all these factors when considering low and high noise subgroups within the LP set (data not shown).
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com