The phrase "are implicated in complex" is not complete and lacks clarity in written English.
It can be used in contexts discussing involvement in complicated situations or systems, but it needs additional information to convey a clear meaning.
Example: "The researchers found that several genes are implicated in complex interactions within the cellular environment."
Alternatives: "are involved in intricate" or "play a role in complicated".
The maintenance and the evolution of these genes associated with virulence within the phylogenetic group B2 suggest that virulence could be a coincidental by-product: these genes are implicated in complex commensal niche colonization [15], [35] where bacteria are subjected to grazing by protista such as free-living amoeba.
In a recent review article [52], the possible pleiotropic effect of FTO gene on multiple quantitative traits has been illustrated (Box 2 of [52]) to support the notion that genetic variants that are implicated in complex traits are associated with multiple quantitative traits at every level of analysis.
The discovery of novel cell units (notably spindle cells in the Anterior Cingulate Cortex [ 3] or mirror neurones [ 4]) that may be unique to humans and apes, or that are implicated in complex social behaviour, has attracted particular attention.
For example, the PFC has been implicated in complex behavior relevant to central impairments in ADHD such as inhibitory control [45, 46], attention, working memory, and planning [42, 47].
Correspondingly, SmPrx6 has been implicated in complex cellular processes including cell proliferation (Wood et al. 2003a), differentiation (Rabilloud et al. 1995) and apoptosis (Zhou et al. 2000; Bernier-Villamor et al. 2004), with the highest expression in early-stage embryos.
The neuropeptide oxytocin (OT) and the steroid cortisol (CT) have each been implicated in complex social behavior, including parenting, and one mechanism by which OT is thought to exert its pro-social effects is by attenuating hypothalamic pituitary adrenal (HPA) response to stress.
A well studied component of this pathway is the Gi beta subunit 3 (GNB3), which has been implicated in complex disorders such as hypertension [10], [11].
Fission yeast Ned1, a homologue of human disease gene product lipin, directly interacts with Dis3, Pim1/Rcc1 (GEF for Ran) and nuclear pore proteins, and is implicated in complex cellular functions including chromosome organization and nucleo-cytoplasmic transport [15].
Some of the CNVs are found to be implicated in complex diseases including neuropsychiatric, autoimmune diseases and so on [22] [25], but the association of CNVs with T2D remains largely unexploited except that a very recent study confirmed the implication of a previously identified human gene TSPAN8 [26].
Regulated gene expression controls organismal development, and variation in regulatory patterns has been implicated in complex traits.
