But that perspective is frequently flawed, both by hubris and also an expert-blindspot.
The process is complicated because "authority and resources are captured by either (or both) central or local actors who have an interest in preventing them from reaching local governments, and/or because the design of local institutions and processes is frequently flawed" (Wunsch 2001, p. 286).
As professors Willcocks and Lacity note, "Corporate work systems, in our experience, are frequently highly flawed, either through indifferent design or having grown in an ad hoc manner in reaction to problems and various demands.
Their personality is often flawed.
Although several lines of evidence exist in support of motivational interventions [ 58- 61], a recent review conducted by Waller [ 100] questions their effectiveness since the available studies are frequently biased by methodological flaws.
Herein lies the flaw: individuals are frequently moving between the general population and the CHL subset - in both directions - so the two-island model is inappropriate.
The factory's painted porcelain figures were more popular than its tableware, which was grayish in colour and frequently flawed.
Yet as a quality indicator of individuals and institutions impact factor is frequently criticised and is certainly flawed[ 3].
In particular, the notorious lack of reproducibility of lists of detected genes across platforms and laboratories, as well as validation problems associated with prognostic signatures, is frequently attributed to this "flaw" of microarray technology [ 1, 2].
Even in large companies, code that seems to work properly is frequently not tested for lurking security flaws, because manual testing by other humans is incredibly expensive sometimes more expensive than writing the original software, given that testing can reveal problems the developers then have to fix.
