Illness is frequently a consequence of malnutrition and malnutrition is also commonly the result of illness.
Muscle wasting is frequently a consequence of cancers, AIDS, immobilization and fasting [ 1].
It occurs in many inherited and acquired kidney disease, and is frequently a consequence of direct podocyte injury.
These limitations are due to the difficulties in predicting the response to the drug dose and to the lack of specificity for the target tissue, which is frequently a consequence of the hydrophobic nature of many photosensitizer compounds.
Numerous conditions have been associated with the pathogenesis of BPS, in which the elevated biliary bilirubin level is the cornerstone phenomenon, and this is frequently a consequence of chronic haemolysis or hepatobiliary disease [ 2, 6].
Constitutive PI3K/AKT signaling in malignant cells is frequently a consequence of mutations in PI3K or upstream growth factor receptors, AKT overexpression, or it can occur due to loss of the tumor suppressor phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN) on chromosome ten, which functions as a negative regulator of this pathway.
Colon cancer is frequently a pathological consequence of persistent oxidative stress, leading to DNA damage and mutations in cancer-related genes, cell cycle death and regeneration, where cellular overexpression of β-catenin and proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) are implicated [ 4].
Insulin resistance is a common consequence of obesity, and is frequently a prelude to frank type 2 diabetes [ 1].
It is linked to social exclusion [ 2, 3], and is frequently considered a consequence of economic marginalisation [ 4].
Chemically induced cardiomyopathies are frequently the consequences of a cardiac metabolic imbalance brought about by exaggerated functional affects.
Moreover, considering allogeneic valvular implantation, the donor's average age is rising to more than 50 years, the age in which heart valve pathophysiological alterations are frequently observed as consequence of hypertension and/or hypercholesterolemia [ 89].
